2009年10月8日 星期四

「腦膜炎治療」單張的插曲

 


正在匯集寫過的文章,想到「流行性腦脊髓膜炎臨床診斷、治療及用藥」這篇,也是有一段值得省思的事後插曲。因為細菌性腦膜炎病人常在發病一天之內死亡,是最典型的需要『超急』地、一懷疑就要三十分鐘內開始正確地選藥治療的疾病(美國內科專科醫師考試題目)再寫這段往事,期待能重新強調這疾病正確的處理法。


2000年涂醒哲醫師(台大醫學院晚我十三期的秀才)被任命疾病管制局局長,他任職後邀請我這個感染科醫師兼任疾管局顧問。不過我當時在署立花蓮醫院工作,因此只能給我一個學員之類的名稱,我還是每週參加主管會報,有機會就到疾管局參加各種實質上是顧問的工作。2002年三月疾管局收集過去兩年內因為腦膜炎球菌(Neisseria meningitidis)感染死亡的十一個病例檢討。其中六例由我審查。結果讓我很憂心台灣醫師感染症學的臨床能力。這六例中,兩例是醫師在病患生前沒有想到腦膜炎的可能,死後血液培養長出此細菌;三例是想到了這個診斷,做了腦脊髓液(CSF)的培養,可是給的抗生素卻是對腦膜炎無效的第一代抗生素(不能進入CSF);只有一例是選藥正確(ceftriaxone),卻是劑量偏低,又延誤了三小時才給藥。病患都是一、兩天內死亡


檢討會中我建議:全台灣所有臨床醫師的抗生素使用基本常識及感染症的處理,應予以有效的教育;且應該對所有臨床醫師強制性的,每年持續性的實施;並建議推動改善病歷書寫。疾管局又要我寫這篇「流行性腦脊髓膜炎臨床診斷、治療及用藥」放在疾管局網站,再印成單張分發給全國各衛生單位醫師。這張單張強調的是如果有急性頭痛發燒昏迷等症侯要考慮腦膜炎、要選對抗生素、要迅速投藥、且劑量要比一般的高才能夠有足夠濃度的藥進入CSF


之後不久,有一位醫學中心的醫師寫電郵到疾管局抗議,說腦膜炎時ceftriaxone劑量他們是一率每十二小時給2 gm,單張中所建議使用的是1.5 gm,太輕。(在一般感染,約七十到八十公斤體重病患,ceftriaxone的劑量是每12小時注射1 gm,但CSF內不容易穿透進去,因此腦膜炎劑量是要比較高。此藥的製造商並沒有提供成人每公斤應該給幾毫克的建議)。疾管局很客氣地回覆,其中一段如下:


該「流行性腦脊髓膜炎臨床診斷、治療及用藥」係屬提供給臨床醫師及防疫相關等專業人員參考,因此本局僅透過衛生局發送各縣市醫療院所,並藉各相關醫學會協助發送各會員醫師;另因部分醫院及醫學會認為此資訊相當重要,因此希望能連結至醫院或醫學會之網站,因此本局事後將該檔案置放於本局網頁首頁,方便相關醫院及醫學會進行連結。


另為慎重回覆您的意見,我們諮詢了本局許清曉顧問,以下為許顧問就臨床用藥方面之說明:


「該單張係給醫師作參考,建議對於體重60公斤的病患以1.5gm, q12h注射投予,您所引用的文獻是何國家的研究結果,是否提及劑量與體重的關係?使用抗生素,不考慮體重,只建議劑量,不一定是大錯,但很不恰當。」』


後來該工作人員告訴我說,疾管局發出七千份單張到七個醫學中心,請他們分發給醫師們。結果這位醫師服務的單位就是不發出去! 這種反應,聽了只能說,令人惋惜。不過這一家沒發出去,對醫師全面教育的影響應該不大。


不論如何,重點是懷疑腦膜炎就一定要馬上做脊髓穿刺(lumbar puncture)。看到抽出的CSF有混濁時,應該30分鐘以內就要給第一劑抗生素。腦膜炎的第一線藥是要選用可以進入腦內的ceftriaxonecefotaxime,劑量要比平常高,且都要以maintenance dose 之一點五至兩倍量作為首劑 (所謂loading dose)


 


 


2009年10月5日 星期一

The best management for heat stroke is ice water enema

I wrote a full article in Chinese about an experience while I was a first year resident at Montefiore Hospital in Bronx , NY .   This is an abstract.


 


There were 5 elderly (in 60's) obese women from a nursing home who went into coma from heat stroke in a hot summer evening in July, 1966. Their air con was not working. Three patients were sent to Montefiore and 2 to Morrisania Municipal Hospital where residents from Montefiore rotated. All 3 in the Montefiore survived and those 2 sent to Morrisania died. The difference apparently was, the junior resident on call (i.e. I), ordered ice water enema immediately on the phone. Those in Morrisania were treated with ice packing of the body surface only. The body surface ice packing will constrict blood vessels in the skin and makes dissipation of body heat slower!  By ice water enema and frequent exchange of the ice water, the body temperature of those elderly women lowered significantly to the safety level within one hour!!


 


The chief of medicine came to the morning meeting the next day and lectured to us the difference in the death rate of those 5 patients. The 50-60 residents listened quietly. He did not mention my name. Everyone knew who was the guy.  


 


This article was published in Jing-fu NTU Alumni Bulletin and Pacific Times (Chinese language Weekly Newspaper) in the US a few months ago, 2009.


 


Nobody wants to talk about feces or handle feces. Perhaps that is why the effectiveness of ice water enema for heat stroke has not been emphasized more frequently. The nurses will have to work for hours in stinking room with feces all over their gowns, gloved hands and even faces and hairs. The credit of saving those 3 patients belonged to the nurses who dutifully carried out the doctor's order.


 


Ice water enema is most crucial in the management of the heat stroke. I hope people will spread the words around to save more lives.