2007年8月22日 星期三

I am retired

I am Retired


              2007-8             


                                 [附劉長安先生中文翻譯]


Retired, I am. How relaxing and comfortable my life has become.


 


After a sound 8-hour sleep, I woke up without alarm, brushed teeth, and combed the thin grey hair with some gel in my palm, like a leisurely vacationer. No one I have to report to but myself in the mirror.


 


I went to the kitchen, washed two soft, black California plums. Peeling slowly one by one, I was amazed. How easily large pieces of the skin came off, leaving juicy, delicate, yellowish meat, dripping its honey, ready to eat. It is kind of a wonder. Though harvested, they continued to soften, and sweetened by enzymes accumulated inside. Then, they were eager to offer what they had accomplished, for us to consume, like mellowed old men willing to share what they know, even after they had taken a deep bow. Mouthful of succulent meat! How delicious the mature produce of the nature!


 


I walked outside and stretched my arms. The weather was hot. It was 100 degrees today from the Texas sun in the Summer. But I enjoyed the sunshine on my face and delighted to feel the breeze that swept away the heat. After 30 minutes, I started to sweat. I drank water from the bottle I carried and looked at cars passing by. They were hurrying to work, probably. How busy they appeared.


 


The sky was so blue. I never noted how blue the sky could be. The azure was like the Mediterranean sea . White cottony clouds scattered here and there, moving slowly to the north. I could not, like others do, imagine that they shaped like a crouching tiger or dancing dragon. I just watched and thought, how soon they would be blown away, and how high the clouds might be. They were high, but not unreachable. We had flown above clouds many times before.


 


Actually nothing changed in this world. Only that, I am now free from tension, competition and woe, liberated from wanting more and more for my own.


 


With calmness and peace in my heart, I have become more aware. I cherish the pleasure of everything I see and feel in this world, like an awakened little boy in my soul.


 


Now having more rooms in my mind, I am searching for what had been locked out of my life, because of the daily chores and lack of time. I will fill the holes with those, considered to be so remote: spending days in aquariums and museums, reading action-thrillers shown in shops, travel to famous spots around the globe, and write what I reminisce most, the good old days that will soon be lost.


 


我退休了


 


退休了就是我。何等輕鬆與舒服的生活屆臨!


 


八小時的酣睡,不用在鬧鈴聲響中醒來。刷刷牙,在掌心擠上些許髮乳梳理疏落的灰白髮絲,像個閒情逸致的旅者;無需向任何人負責,卻只是鏡中的自己。


 


走入廚房,清洗兩顆加州蜜李;逐個慢慢去皮,一大片外果皮輕易剝除讓我驚喜。甜蜜的汁液滴落、黃褐色的果肉香甜,以備品嘗。果實內酵素累積,雖經採下卻仍持續熟透、甜度增加,何等的自然神奇。成熟果實輕垂,渴望人們摘取享用;正如耆宿鞠躬身退,卻分享其飽經風霜的人生歷練。多汁的果肉,盈塞滿嘴;自然的成熟果實,如此甜美。


 


不出戶外,伸展雙臂,德州夏天炙熱的太陽,使今天的溫度達華氏100度;享受陽光灑在臉龐,微風輕輕拂走熱氣的清爽。30分鐘後,汗珠淋漓,一飲而盡所攜帶瓶裝水;環視熙來攘往的車輛,也許是為工作奔忙,顯露匆忙神色。


 


天空無比湛藍,我未嘗注意天空竟是這般顏色,蒼穹竟跟地中海一樣蔚藍。白如棉絮的浮雲四處散佈,蓮步輕移飄向北方。我不像其他人會將浮雲想像成臥虎或飛龍,我只是觀察跟思索,浮雲有多高,高到伸手不可及;飄散有多快,快到變幻莫測。


 


實際上,萬物亙古恆常運作不變,變的只是我,不用再緊張、競逐與悲傷,從為自己追逐更多又更多的執著釋放。


 


我越來越了解,內心恬靜亦常,珍愛世間萬物所見、所感的喜悅,如同童稚之心在心靈。


 


而今心胸開闊,我要尋找昔日生命中認為遙不可及的活動,鎮日徘徊於水族館與博物館、讀完坊間令人振奮事蹟、玩遍世界著名景點、寫下昔日最為優美但隨將失去的回憶,來填滿這些因日常繁冗與欠缺時間而被桎梏的心靈空缺。


 


 


2007年8月8日 星期三

醫學倫理、醫師誓詞

醫學倫理、醫師誓詞


2007-8


倫理是道德行為的研究。醫學倫理可以討論的範圍相當廣,又因為生物科技的發展,又衍生很多問題是要多方面的專業及社會人士共同討論才能建立共識。另一方面,最基本的醫學倫理原則,兩千多年來都未有改變,世界各國醫界對這些原則都十分的遵從,因此可以再予以複習。


最基本的醫學倫理觀念,源自 古希臘 醫師Hippocrates ( 460 BC~370 BC)。當時的希臘禁止人體解剖,因此各種當時醫學觀念和現在已知的事實是有很大的偏差,但Hippocrates將疾病的發生歸因於環境、飲食、與生活習慣,而非諸神的懲罰,是醫學發展路上第一個大里程碑。此外,他訂定「醫師誓詞」(Hippocratic Oath),使「醫師」成為正式的行業,開啟「臨床醫學」一門學問。兩千多年來,這些誓詞,雖然有些變動,也沒有法律效果,但已成為所有醫師行為的標準。


Hippocratic oath意譯如下:


『我要遵守誓約,矢忠不渝。



  1. 對傳授我醫術的老師,要像父母一般的敬重。
  2. 對我的兒子、老師的兒子及我的門徒,我要悉心傳授醫學知識。
  3. 我要竭盡全力採取我認為有利於病人的醫療措施,不能給病人帶來痛苦與危害。
  4. 我不把毒藥給任何人,也絕不授意別人使用它。
  5. 我不幫助女人墮胎。 
  6. 我要清清白白的行醫生活。
  7. 我將切除膽結石等專業工作依賴專家執行
  8. 無論進入誰家,只是為治病,不為所欲為,不接受賄賂,不勾引異性。
  9. 對看到或聽到不應外傳的私生活,我絕不洩漏。』

[註:Hippocratic Oath希臘文的英譯如下:


I swear by Apollo, Asclepius, Hygieia, and Panacea, and I take to witness all the gods, all the goddesses, to keep according to my ability and my jud gment, the following Oath.


To consider dear to me as my parents him who taught me this art; to live in common with him and if necessary to share my goods with him; To look upon his children as my own brothers, to teach them this art I will prescribe regimens for the good of my patients according to my ability and my judgment and never do harm to anyone.


To please no one will I prescribe a deadly drug nor give advice which may cause his death.


Nor will I give a woman a pessary to procure abortion.


But I will preserve the purity of my life and my arts.


I will not cut for stone, even for patients in whom the disease is manifest; I will leave this operation to be performed by practitioners, specialists in this art.


In every house where I come I will enter only for the good of my patients, keeping myself far from all intentional ill-doing and all seduction and especially from the pleasures of love with women or with men, be they free or slaves.


All that may come to my knowledge in the exercise of my profession or in daily commerce with men, which ought not to be spread abroad, I will keep secret and will never reveal.


If I keep this oath faithfully, may I enjoy my life and practice my art, respected by all men and in all times; but if I swerve from it or violate it, may the reverse be my lot.]


這些兩千多年前誓詞條文的文字,雖然有些必須修改,但這些觀念到二十一世紀的今天仍然是做為醫師必須熟悉的重要守則。


到第二次世界大戰時期,德國納粹及日本軍隊以人體做各種實驗,慘絕人寰,戰後引起人們的反省,尤其醫界感到這些人體實驗 都是由 醫師監督執行,認為有必要國際醫界再度約 束 醫師應尊守的行為。於是1948年,世界醫師協會(World Medical Association)發佈醫師誓詞(日內瓦宣言Declaration of Geneva),由全世界醫界遵從。其原文及意譯如下:


At the time of being admitted as a member of the medical profession:


1.          I solemnly pledge myself to consecrate my life to the service of humanity; (我願意貢獻我的一生為救人濟世而努力)


2.          I will give to my teachers the respect and gratitude which is their due; (我將給我的師長應有的崇敬與感戴)


3.          I will practice my profession with conscience and dignity; the health of my patient will be my first consideration; (我將要憑我的良心和尊嚴從事醫業,病人的健康應為我的首要顧念)


4.          I will maintain by all the means in my power, the honor and the noble traditions of the medical profession; my colleagues will be my brothers; (我將要盡我的力量維護醫業的榮譽和高尚的傳統,我的同業將視同我的手足)


5.          I will not permit considerations of religion, nationality, race, party politics or social standing to intervene between my duty and my patient; (我將不容許有任何宗教、國籍、種族、政見或地位的考慮介於我的職責與病人之間)


6.          I will maintain the utmost respect for human life from the time of conception, even under threat, I will not use my medical knowledge contrary to the laws of humanity; (我將盡可能地維護,人從受胎之日起的生命; 既使在威脅之下,我也不運用我的醫學知識違反人道)


I make these promises solemnly, freely and upon my honor (我願意鄭重地以我的人格,宣示以上的誓約)


以上各條和Hippocrates oath幾乎是一致。但有鑑於近代醫學知識之飛躍進步,多國醫界還是公認應該再加以下兩條:


         我願意隨時為追求醫學知識進步與社會常識素養而努力,以免我的學識陷入偏僻之弊


         我願意不做不能勝任之醫療行為,不爭奪病人就醫,不避忌共同會診,使病人有選擇醫師之自由權


不少醫學教育家,還再依他們當時發覺需要強調的觀念,增加一些原則。1964年,美國Tufts University Medical SchoolDr. Louis Lasagna就提出下列三條:


         Warmth, sympathy, and understanding may outweigh the surgeon‘s knife or the chemist’s drug (對病人的親切關心瞭解勝過各種醫療方法)


         Not be ashamed to say “I know not,” (不知道就要承認不知道)


         Do not treat a fever chart, a cancerous growth, but a sick human being(要治療「整個病人」而不是治療「發燒」或「癌症」)


         Prevention is preferable to cure (預防比治療更重要)


 


台灣醫學院的學生畢業時不知是否有何任何宣誓的儀式,但國外的醫學院一般都有,但內容不一定相同。1993年對美國及加拿大一百五十家醫學院醫師誓詞的調查,發現只14%有「禁止執行安樂死」、8%有「禁止墮胎」、3%有「禁止和病患有性關係」等明文規定。不論內容的差異多大,Hippocrates闡述的原則都會有。


發誓就要遵守才有意義;「宣誓」之重要性也隨誠信度而異。因為國外對「要誠實」、「不說謊話」的觀念極強,這些誓詞雖無法律效果,但也有相當的約制力。


 2001617美國醫師協會(American Medical AssociationAMA)發佈了醫學倫理的原則,其中有幾條是可以啟發我們思考的。AMA認為優良醫師的行為標準應該如下:


1. A physician shall be dedicated to providing competent medical care, with compassion and respect for human dignity and rights.        (醫師要提供品質優良的醫療、要能視病如親、要能維護病人的尊嚴及權益)


2. A physician shall uphold the standards of professionalism, be honest in all professional interactions, and strive to report physicians deficient in character or competence, or engaging in fraud or deception, to appropriate entities. (醫師要誠實,應該向相關單位舉發劣質醫師、或欺騙、不誠實之行為)


[子曰:民無信不立。孟子說:誠者,天之道也;思誠者,人之道也台灣醫界的誠信度如何似乎是三、四年前醫院評鑑共識會討論時才開始受到重視。SARS時期有些醫院隱瞞診斷,只是少數幾家醫院的壞例子。每次評鑑之前,大多數醫院都要各科人員加班好幾個月,「補齊」記錄,可看出「不誠實」普遍的程度。「評鑑時如有作假就要評鑑不及格論」的警告詞在評鑑共識會提出,卻引起近半小時的討論,可見這個問題的嚴重度。


至於舉發劣質醫師、或欺騙及不誠實之行為,恐怕還要先收集很多事證,相信在美國也少看到。不過,醫療行為是否正確、正當,因為工作太專業,常常只有同行醫師才能指出,如果我們確實相信「病人安全第一」的原則,看到劣質醫師,怎麼辦?看到欺騙病患的醫師怎麼辦?看到詐欺健保的醫師怎麼辦?]


3. A physician shall respect the law and also recognize a responsibility to seek changes in those requirements which are contrary to the best interests of the patient. (醫師要守法,對於有違反病患利益之法規,應該設法修正)


[過去台灣勞保健保對感染病患的抗生素使用,硬性要求升階式療法,似乎數十年來無人要求改正法規。原有可能治癒的病人,因為健保規定要先從第一代狹效的抗生素開始治療,而眼看病人在醫師前死亡。對這種法規,不論是明文或不明文規定,臨床醫師們不會集體提出抗議,恐怕不是純粹無知。可能是多年如此,感覺麻痺了,失去反省力,見怪不怪。雖然現在這個問題已受較多的醫師認識,大多數醫師都改用降階式抗生素療法以治療嚴重感染的病患,將重感染死亡率降為原來的一半,但是諸如此類的問題如果再度發生,台灣的醫師們是否有設法改正法規的道德勇氣?]


4. A physician shall respect the rights of patients, colleagues, and other health professionals, and shall safeguard patient confidences and privacy within the constraints of the law. (醫師要尊重病人、同事及其他醫療人員的權益)


5. A physician shall continue to study, apply, and advance scientific knowledge, maintain a commitment to medical education, make relevant information available to patients, colleagues, and the public, obtain consultation, and use the talents of other health professionals when indicated. (醫師要持續追求新知,並以其教育病人、同僚、及大眾;要能適時會診)


[醫師除了自己追求新知,還被要求教育工作上所接觸到的人。「教育」是每位醫師的責任。我們詳細詢問病史的時間都沒有,還能教病人?]


6. A physician shall, in the provision of appropriate patient care, except in emergencies, be free to choose whom to serve, with whom to associate, and the environment in which to provide medical care. (為了給病患適當的醫療,除了緊急狀況之外,醫師應該可以有權選擇和誰合作、在何種環境工作)


[AMA認為醫師的工作環境不理想,無法給病患良好的照護,就應該拒絕工作。這也是確實落實「病人的安全第一」的作法。不過,如果環境確實是無法提供更好的醫療,醫師也應該盡能力,為病人服務。]


7. A physician shall recognize a responsibility to participate in activities contributing to the improvement of the community and the betterment of public health. (醫師有責任參與社區及公眾的教育)


[同上第五點。可見美國對醫師在社會中的角色有較廣的期待,包括民眾的教育]


8. A physician shall, while caring for a patient, regard responsibility to the patient as paramount. (照顧病人是醫師最重要的責任)


[可以再度提出的問題是:病人的安危與健保的規定,何者重要?]


9. A physician shall support access to medical care for all people. (醫師應該要讓全民能夠受到醫療照護)


[讓全民公平的可以受到同樣好的醫療,表示對人權的重視。病人的同意權是民主觀念發展的結果。民主、人權是文明社會絕不可短少的標竿。]



中華醫學會在 1997520發佈「病人權利十大聲明」,明確的指出病人有以下的權力,也是我們應該熟習的。


醫療平等權;知悉權;安全權;同意權;選擇權;隱私權;求償權;醫療文件求取權;醫療拒絕權;醫療尊嚴權。


這些已在新制評鑑中成為必查的項目,徹底遵從也可以減少醫療糾紛。


 


其他常被討論的倫理問題是:


         病人的同意權: 病人有選擇權(autonomy),因此為病人做任何醫療處置都應讓他事先瞭解。但是要如何說明、說明到什麼程度?病人是否有能力瞭解或判斷(decision making capacity)、病人家屬中誰是法律上要病人的安危負責的,也是重要的考量點。


最好的說明方式應該是:向病人及家屬解釋醫療處置的目的、優點、缺點,然後再說「假使我是你的話,我將如何如何選擇」。想想病人對醫療名詞都不一定瞭解,只告訴他醫療處置的優缺點,然後要他做一個正確的選擇,是很困難的。這種說明對生病的醫師也是要做到,因為醫師生病時也可能會失去方寸。要做到「替病人選擇」這點,必須先能夠對病人的所有過去病史、個人史、家庭背景徹底的瞭解。台灣醫師以目前異常簡單的問診,這種「替病人選擇」是不可能做到的。


         病人的隱私權: 醫師不洩漏病人訊息是有法律保護。但是夫妻一方有性病時、未成年人懷孕要求墮胎時怎麼辦? 溝通是很重要的手段,醫師要練出以平易的言語說明病情、說服病人或家屬的能力。對病情的瞭解、對病人的親切關心及誠意,是這種說服力的根源。


         誠信:在國外對病人都會誠實的說明病情。是否有癌症、可能再活多久都會對病人實說。但是在台灣,可能還需要先和病人最親近的家屬討論。各國的國情、社會風俗也不能不顧及。這種情況也是應該要儘可能以不背信的原則之下說明。


         很多問題是醫師、病人、家屬之間徹底的討論就可以解決的。但是棘手的問題、可能還會引起糾紛的問題,就應該在Ethics Committee共同討論。


 


醫學倫理似乎是很大的學問,是會引起醫療糾紛,需要臨床醫師關切的問題。不過我相信最基本原則,不外乎「己所不欲勿施於人」,「視病如親,安全第一」,「誠信」,及「共同討論,建立共識」等幾個字句。


在已經熟練的醫師腦筋裡,要提升或再規範醫療倫理觀念,是否有效,有疑問。用每年上課修學分方式也遭批評。因為醫師的道德行為關係重大,影響整個醫業尊嚴、病人的信心、治療效果,試試學分制不妨;對優良的醫師也有再複習的作用,因為「遺忘」是多年後必定會發生,到相當嚴重的程度。最重要的還是每一國民幼年時期、學生時期就給予適當的公民教育,灌輸「誠實」、「守法」、「禮節」、「同情心」等為人基本修養,才是最有效的根本作法。