[只秀出兩個表格]
Infectious Disease Risks Associated With
Occupational Exposure
A Systematic Review of the Literature
Juanita A Haagsma; Luqman Tariq; Dick J Heederik; Arie H
Havelaar
Posted: 01/22/2012; Occup Environ Med. 2012;69(2):140-146. ©
2012 BMJ Publishing Group
Table 1. Work-related pathogens by specific job title or broader
occupational groups
Occupation | ISCO code | Pathogen |
Abattoir workers | 751 | (Methicillin resistant) Staphylococcus |
Airline personnel | 511 | Hepatitis E virus |
Animal carers | 516 | Bartonella hensalae, Borrelia burgdorferi, Capillaria hepatica, |
Archaeologists | 211 | Coccidioides immites |
Armed forces | 01 | Leishmania spp. |
Childcare providers | 531 | Cryptosporidium parvum, Cytomegalovirus, Giardia lamblia, hepatitis A |
Cleaners | 515 | Hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B |
Dental care workers (dentist 266, | 226, 325 | Hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C |
Divers | 754 | Campylobacter jejuni, enteroviruses, Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
Farm labourers (animal handlers) | 921 | (Methicillin resistant) Staphylococcus |
Farm workers, animals | 612 | (Methicillin resistant) Staphylococcus |
Farm workers, crops | 611 | Borrelia bergdorferi, Clostridium tetani, Coxiella burnettii, Escherichia |
Fishermen | 622 | Anasakis simplex |
Fishmonger | 751 | Anasakis simplex |
Forestry workers | 621 | Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi, Coxiella burnetii, |
Funeral service workers | 516 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
Gardeners | 611 | Francisella tularensis |
Healthcare assistants | 532 | Helicobacter pylori |
Healthcare workers (nurses and | 222, 322 | (Methicillin resistant) Staphylococcus |
Hospital dietary workers | 941 | Coxiella burnettii, hepatitis A virus |
Hunter, trapper | 622 | Borrelia burgdorferi, Brucella spp., Echinococcus granulosis, Echinococcus |
Laboratory workers | 321 | (Methicillin resistant) Staphylococcus |
Medical doctors | 221 | Hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C |
Microbiologists | 213 | Neisseria meningitidis |
Plant and machine operators and | 81 | Histoplasma capsulatum, Legionella pneumophila, Mycobacterium chelonae |
Prison guards | 541 | Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
Sex workers (also adult movie | 516 | Chlamydia trachomatis, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, herpes virus, HIV, |
Teachers, primary | 234 | Cytomegalovirus, Neisseria |
Veterinarian assistants | 324 | (Methicillin resistant) Staphylococcus |
Veterinarians | 225 | (Methicillin resistant) Staphylococcus |
Waste collectors | 961 | Brucella spp., Helicobacter pylori, hepatitis A virus, |
ISCO, International Standard Classification of Occupation.
All pathogens identified in the literature search were
classified in a matrix according to site of entry into the human body (skin,
uro-genital tract, respiratory tract and gastro-intestinal tract[9]) and source of
exposure (human-to-human, animal-to-human and environment-to-human) (Table 2).
Where necessary, pathogen groups were further subdivided to reflect specific
exposure scenarios. Thus, infections of the skin and mucous membranes due to
human–human transmission were subdivided in two groups relating to needle-stick
injuries or other rupture of the normal skin barrier and infections of the skin
and mucous membranes. Likewise, infections of the skin and mucous membranes due
to animal–human transmission were subdivided in those resulting from bites or direct
animal contact, and those from bites by vectors (mosquitoes and ticks).
Environmental sources were subdivided to reflect the main reservoirs of the
pathogens (human, animal or inanimate). This classification results in groups
of pathogens with similar transmission pathways.
Table 2. Work-related pathogens by proximate sources of exposure
and site of entry in the human body
Site of entry | Proximate sources of exposure | ||
Human* | Animal* | Environment† | |
Skin and mucous membranes‡ | Needle-stick injuries | Mammals (bites or direct contact) | Human reservoirs |
Uro-genital tract | Human papilloma virus | | |
Respiratory tract | Bordetella pertussis | Avian influenza virus | Animal reservoirs |
Gastro-intestinal tract | Helicobacter pylori | Cryptosporidium spp. | Human reservoirs |
* Including indoor environment.
†Food, water, soil and air.
‡Including eyes and ears.
2012年1月30日 星期一
記者鄒景雯/特稿 這次大選過後,有一門涉及文化內蘊的問題非常值得探討,這個問題的名稱有些粗,可能也會引起一些爭議,那就是︰「台灣人怎麼這麼沒種?」 台灣人沒種的浩歎,到處俯拾皆是。例如,選舉前,明明各種調查都顯示,多數人都認知貧富差距擴大是當前台灣最迫切待解的問題,但是投票的那一霎時,「恫嚇牌」還是戰勝一切,所有的不公不義全都可以拋諸腦後。 又如,選舉前,國民黨各種所謂的台灣人大老,全都含淚含血含恨出來顧全「大局」,連任後,馬英九關起門來論功行賞,更加捍衛的是一個人的大局,這些大老不怕內鬱傷重,只能迸出「謹守分寸」四字。 有的台灣人不老,論其職稱,勝選,絕對有功,但結局卻是請辭獲准。選前,周邊朋友都聽其說過︰選贏選輸都要走,不再受這種鳥氣。選後,走是走了,然而鳥氣沒留下,一起帶著走,還得大呼︰謝謝皇上成全。 還有一種台灣人,更加談不上老,昔時曹營,這時漢營,招降納叛,也就罷了,居然口出︰「人在公門好修行」!全不顧念一世人的背影,這又是怎麼樣的養成? 也有一群有錢的台灣人,在台灣,人稱老闆,在中國,叫人老闆,老闆要他她們跳,他她們不敢站,要他她們說話,他她們不敢閉嘴,真是見笑極了。 當然,為數最多的,還是,擠在門邊,腳在門外,眼在門內,一窩子的台灣人,套句後藤新平羞辱台灣人的話︰「怕死、愛錢」。實在不知該如何平反? 或許,台灣四百年的民族性,正是誰來誰好,抵抗的,永是少數;因為難為,因此被謳歌,拍電影,還是原住民,不是平地漢人。這種沒種的奴性文化,真的就等於台灣文化?非常值得廣發英雄帖找人出來解構與挑戰一番才對。 |