2007年5月15日 星期二

感染症經驗性選用抗生素的建議(二)

 [上接: 感染症經驗性選用抗生素的建議(一) ]




感染症經驗性選用抗生素的建議(二)


 


I.          嚴重敗毒症(sepsis ), 意識障礙,休克。


II.       急性細菌性腦膜炎。


III.   其他中樞神經細菌性感染。


IV.              嚴重院內感染(包括養老院及護理之家;最近1-3個月出院者); 由其他醫院治療感染無效而轉院治療者;C.P.R救回者;使用呼吸器者。


      [以上在:感染症經驗性選用抗生素的建議(一)]


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V         


免疫力、抵抗力有缺失者,例如:接受抗癌化學療法、放射線療法,白血球 < 1,000 /mm3或多核白血球 < 500 /mm3 、合併其他嚴重疾病,脾臟切除病患有不明熱,早產兒及新生兒 (出生二個月內者)


                            i.                可參照septic shock或嚴重院內感染者用藥。


                          ii.                小兒劑量參考附表


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VI        有傷口污染、臟器穿孔、之類明顯多種細菌感染之病灶(可參照septic shock或嚴重院內感染者用藥。)


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VII     下呼吸道感染、肺炎



1.         社區感染





                                                    i.        Cefuroxime 1.0-2.0 gm, q8h, iv drip(也可用其他第二代的cephalosporins,但效果可能不會比cefuroxime好。對penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniaePRSP無效。)


                                                  ii.        Ertapenem 1.0 gm, qd, iv, drip (PRSP有效)


                                                iii.        Ampicillin/sulbactam (1.5 gm, q6h, iv drip)


                                               iv.        Amoxicillin/clavulanate (1.2 gm, q8h, iv drip)


                                                 v.        Levofloxacin (500 mg, qd, po/iv drip,重症者用500 mg, bid750 mg, qd)(Legionella, Mycoplasma, Chlamydia皆有效。 可用在有beta-lactam allergy )


                                               vi.        Moxifloxacin (400 mg, qd, po/iv drip)( Legionella, Mycoplasma, Chlamydia皆有效。可用在有beta-lactam allergy 者。對Pseudomonas類效果較差。)



l [i~iv項如一兩天內沒有改善,可考慮是否有Legionella infection,加erythromycin 500 mg, q6h, po/iv slow drip,或clarithromycin 500 mg, q12h, po/iv drip,或azithromycin 1 gm initially, then 250 mg, po/iv drip, 5-7天。視感染及病人原在性疾病之嚴重度,可以一開始就給Legionella之治療。]


l [參考資料包括:Bauer et al: Med Clin N Am 2001; 85: 1367-79Bartlett et al: Clin Infect Dis 2000; 31: 347-82American Thoracic Society: Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 153: 1711-25Niederman et al: Amer Rev Respir Dis 1993; 148: 1418-26Kollef et al: Inadequate antimicrobial treatment of infections. A risk factor for hospital mortality among critically ill patients. Chest 1999; 115: 462-74Ibrahim et al: Chest 2000; 118: 146-55Richards et al: Crit Care Med 1999; 27: 887-92。中華民國感染症醫學會:肺炎診療指南,2001]




2.         院內感染肺炎或是重症肺炎



用藥同第IV(嚴重院內感染)[如腎臟機能正常,考慮增加amikacin 15 mg/Kg, qd, iv drip gentamicin 5.0 mg/Kg, qd, iv drip 兩者都可分兩次投予。如腎機能已不正常,可以給ciprofloxacin 400 mg, q12h, iv drip




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VIII    腹腔內感染(必須要有anaerobic coverage)



                                            i.                Ampicillin/sulbactam (1.5 gm, q6h, iv drip) 加用aminoglycosidesceftazidimecefoperazoneciprofloxacincefepime、或cefpirome


                                          ii.                Amoxicillin/clavulanate (1.2 gm, q8h, iv drip) 加用aminoglycosidesceftazidimecefoperazoneciprofloxacincefepime、或cefpirome


                                        iii.                Ertapenem (1 gm, iv, qd) moxifloxacin (400 mg, iv, qd) (Pseudomonas 類效果不佳)


                                       iv.                Ticarcillin/clavulanate (3.2 gm, q6h, iv drip)


                                         v.                Piperacillin/tazobactam (3.375-4.5 gm, q6h, iv drip)


                                       vi.                Imipenem/cilastatin (0.5 gm, q6-8h, iv drip)[重症時]


                                     vii.                Meropenem (1 gm, q6-8h, iv drip)[重症時]


                                   viii.                是否用其他有anaerobic coverage的抗生素,加用其他對革蘭陽性菌、革蘭陰性菌、腸球菌有效的藥物,視病況、過去的用藥、或分離菌為何而定。[可參看附件四]


                                       ix.                如腹水或血液分離出Candida,可用fluconazole 400 mg, po/iv drip, qd (有時腹水內之濃度不夠高)amphotericin B 0.5~0.8 mg/Kg, q24h (如無免疫缺失,總量約7~8 mg/Kg。每天注射amphotericin B30分鐘一定要先給premedicationsacetaminophen 500 mg+benadryl 25 mg, iv,可能再加Demerol 25 mg, iv以減少rigorfever。開始時最好先給 1 mg test dose,之後給5 mg一天、15 mg一天、最後才用0.5 mg/Kg/day。常見的副作用是thrombocytopeniahypokalemia)


                                         x.                Beta-lactam allergy者可用vancomycin + ciprofloxacin (or aminoglycosides) + metronidazole,或iv, levofloxacin + metronidazole



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IX.      糖尿病患的下肢感染(慢性的感染、或已呈gangrenous changes者,一半以上會有anaerobes之共同感染。)



                                            i.                Ampicillin/sulbactam (1.5 gm, q6h, iv drip) (Pseudomonas 類效果不佳)


                                          ii.                Amoxicillin/clavulanate (1.2 gm, q8h, iv drip) (Pseudomonas 類效果不佳)


                                        iii.                Cefoxitin (2 gm, q6-8h, iv drip) (Pseudomonas 類效果不佳)


                                       iv.                Ertapenem (1 gm, iv, qd) moxifloxacin (400 mg, iv, qd) (Pseudomonas 類效果不佳)


                                         v.                也可用其他有anaerobic coverage gram-positive coveragegram negative coverageantibiotic combination [選藥可參看附件四]


                                       vi.                Limb-threatening infection可用: imipenem/cilastatin(0.5 gm, q6-8h, iv drip) meropenem (1 gm, q6-8h, iv drip);較初期之non-limb-threatening infectionStaphylococcus aureus 最常見,也可先試oxacillin (2 gm, q6h, iv) [Mandell's textbook]cefazolin



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X.    細菌性關節炎、骨髓炎。(懷疑有細菌性關節炎時,一定要再給藥前先抽取關節液做Gram stain及細菌培養。治療期間一定要六星期。)



                                            i.                Cefazolin 1.5~2 gm, q8h, iv drip ( methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 無效。)


                                          ii.                Oxacillinnafcillin 2 gm, q4h, iv drip


                                        iii.                Vancomycin 1 gm, q12h, iv slow drip (用於MRSA感染。骨髓炎、關節炎時之劑量較大)


                                    iv.                是否加ceftriaxone (1 gm, q24h, iv)、或ceftazidime (2 gm, q8h, iv drip)、或ciprofloxacin (400 mg, q12h, iv drip 500 mg, q12h, po)、或加anaerobic coverage,或改用ampicillin/sulbactamamoxicillin/clavulanateticarcillin/clavulanate等,看Gram stain、分離菌為何而定。


                                       v.                如果是prosthesislate infection(手術後三個月以上者),又是被Staphylococcus aureus感染,則implant removal無法避免。


l       [參考資料包括:Goldenberg: Lancet 1998, 351; 197Mandel’s textbook, 2000, p.1196Haas and Andrew: Am J Med 1996, 101:550Lew and Waldvogel: NEJM 1997, 336: 999]



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XI. 壞死性筋膜炎、氣性壞疽、其他嚴重皮下或肌肉組織疑似多菌種感染 (Necrotizing fasciitis, gas gangrene, Fournier’s gangrene, severe suspected polymycrobial infections of subcutaneous or muscular tissues一定要設法先採取檢體做抹片的革蘭染色及細菌培養。可能病程非常迅速而致命。要儘早設法做廣面積的手術清瘡、高壓氧治療。抗生素可先用廣效的,等確認細菌後再按照藥敏測試結果選藥。)



                                             i.                Imipenem/cilastatin(0.5 gm, q6-8h, iv drip)


                                           ii.                meropenem (1 gm, q6-8h, iv drip)


                                          iii.                如果是社區感染,可以用Ticarcillin/clavulanate (3.2 gm, q6h, iv drip)Piperacillin/tazobactam (3.375-4.5 gm, q6h, iv drip)Ceftazidime (2 gm, q8h, iv drip) + ampicillin/sulbactam (1.5 gm, q6h, iv drip)Ceftazidime (2 gm, q8h, iv drip) + amoxicillin/clavulanate (1.2 gm, q8h, iv drip)等可以同時抑制革蘭陽性菌、革蘭陰性菌、厭養菌等之任何抗生素組合。


                                         iv.                也可用ertapenem (1 gm, qd, iv drip) moxifloxacin (400 mg, iv, qd),但要考慮是否有Pseudomonas等院內感染菌,而增加對其有效的藥物,如ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, aminoglycosides等(參看附件四)。


                                           v.                已確定為Streptococcus pyogenes則可用penicillin 3 million units, q4-6h, iv drip 再加clindamycin 600 mg, q6h


                                       vi.                Beta-lactam allergy者可用vancomycin + ciprofloxacin (or aminoglycosides) + metronidazole,或iv, levofloxacin + metronidazole,或moxifloxacin + ciprofloxacin (or aminoglycosides) + metronidazole


l         [參考資料包括The Sanford Guide to Antimicrobial Therapy, 2004; Current therapy of Infectious disease, Schlossberg D Ed. 2001 2nd. Edition, p.70



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XII.   吸入性肺炎 (Aspiration pneumonia)(需要用口腔內、咽喉部位可能有的細菌;除了厭氧菌,尤其老年、慢性病患的咽喉部可能有高達20-30%的革蘭陰性菌帶菌者;也可能有近10%病患口腔內帶有葡萄球菌)



                                            i.                Ampicillin/sulbactam (1.5 gm, q6h, iv drip)(社區感染者使用)


                                          ii.                Amoxicillin/clavulanate (1.2 gm, q8h, iv drip) (社區感染者使用)


                                        iii.                Ertapenem 1 gm, qd, iv drip (要考慮是否有Pseudomonas等院內感染菌,而需增加對其有效的藥物,如ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, aminoglycosides等。參看附件四


                                       iv.                Cefoxitin 2 gm, q6-8h, iv drip


                                         v.                Ticarcillin/clavulanate 3.2 gm, q6h, iv drip


                                       vi.                Piperacillin/tazobactam 3.375-4.5 gm, q6h, iv drip


                                     vii.                Ceftazidime (2 gm, q8h, iv drip) + ampicillin/sulbactam (1.5 gm, q6h, iv drip)


                                   viii.                Ceftazidime (2 gm, q8h, iv drip) + amoxicillin/clavulanate (1.2 gm, q8h, iv drip)


                                       ix.                Beta-lactam allergy者可用vancomycin + ciprofloxacin (or aminoglycosides) + metronidazole,或iv, levofloxacin + metronidazole,或moxifloxacin + ciprofloxacin (or aminoglycosides) + metronidazole


l         [參考資料包括The Sanford Guide to Antimicrobial Therapy, 2004;]



XIII.病況嚴重又不知何部位、何病原的社區感染:



l         在台灣可能很快致命的感染,下列都要考慮:




1.     各種化膿性細菌


2.     Leptospirosis 勾端螺旋蟲病penicillin (ampicillin應該也可???)最佳,quinolones似乎也可以(in vitro)


3.     Melioidosis 類鼻疽ceftazidime, or carbapenem


4.     Vibrio vulnificus infection (海水接觸)—tetracycline ceftazidime


5.     Tsutsugamushi disease 恙蟲病tetracycline,或fluoroquinolone




l         以上都有可能時,第一線可用: Unasyn + Ceftazidime +tetracycline (or a fluoroquinolone)





(下接:使用最好的抗生素,感染仍未改善,怎麼辦?)


 


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